Top illuminated organic photodetectors with dielectric/metal/dielectric transparent anode

The top illuminated organic photodetectors (OPDs) with a Dielectric/Metal/Dielectric (DMD) transparent anode are fabricated. The transparent electrode is composed of molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃)/silver (Ag)/MoO₃ layers and zinc oxide (ZnO)/aluminum (Al) is used for bottom cathode. The optimized DMD electrode has an optical transmittance of 85.7% at the wavelength of 546 nm and sheet resistance of ∼6 Ω/sq. The fabricated OPDs exhibit a high detectivity and wide range linearity.     

不同晶相结构ZrO2负载铜基催化剂用于二乙醇胺脱氢反应

通过制备不同晶相结构〔单斜相(m-ZrO_2)、四方相(t-ZrO_2)和无定型(a-ZrO_2)〕ZrO_2载体,再通过沉积沉淀法制得Cu/m-ZrO_2、Cu/t-ZrO_2和Cu/a-ZrO_2催化剂,分别用于催化二乙醇胺脱氢合成亚氨基二乙酸反应。采用XRD、氮气物理吸附脱附、XPS、H_2-TPR、CO_2-TPD对催化剂的结构进行了表征。结果表明,Cu/m-ZrO_2催化剂界面更加有利于Cu~+/Cu~0稳定存在,具有更多的碱性位点,且抗氧化性较好。在二乙醇胺脱氢反应中,Cu/m-ZrO_2催化剂性能最好,反应时间为2.5 h,亚氨基二乙酸收率为97.64%。     

脉冲电沉积镍-铜合金

采用脉冲电沉积技术在304不锈钢表面制备Ni-Cu合金镀层,镀液组成和工艺条件为:NiSO4ꞏ6H2O 200g/L,CuSO4ꞏ5H2O 10 g/L,十二烷基硫酸钠0.2 g/L,柠檬酸钠80 g/L,糖精0.2 g/L,pH 4.0,温度25°C,搅拌速率30 r/min,平均电流密度40~120 mA/cm2,脉冲频率0~100 Hz,占空比20%~90%,时间30 min。研究了平均电流密度、脉冲频率和占空比对Ni-Cu合金镀层的元素组成、表面形貌和显微硬度的影响,得到较优的工艺参数为:平均电流密度40 mA/cm2,脉冲频率50 Hz,占空比60%。该条件下所得Ni-Cu合金镀层由质量分数分别为56.53%和43.47%的Ni和Cu组成,呈“菜花”状形貌,结晶细致、均匀,显微硬度为614.4 HV。     

燃料电池空气电极的孔道结构调控

燃料电池是将化学能转化成电能的装置，其空气电极催化层的设计，既要包含丰富的、易于接近的反应活性位，也要具备高度连通的电子、质子以及反应物、产物传质通道，因此电极必须具有特定三维几何结构形貌和有序分布的各功能化孔道，确保催化活性位得以充分利用以及反应可以连续进行。针对催化剂孔道的几何结构调控，本文调研了最近报道的一系列研究工作，从模板法、高温相变法、模板/相变复合方法以及基于金属有机框架材料进行孔道设计等四种主要方法出发，综述了该领域的最新研究进展。     

多晶硅锭中硬质点分析及控制研究

以多晶硅锭中硬质点为研究对象,通过实验研究和数值模拟的方法,对多晶硅锭中硬质点进行形貌和成分分析,并提出改善控制方法。研究结果表明硅锭中部的硬质点较细小,主要由SiC组成;硅锭头部的硬质点较粗大,主要由SiC和Si3N4组成,还有少量O的存在。进一步研究发现多晶硅定向凝固铸锭炉的热场结构对于多晶硅锭硬质点形成有直接影响,通过改进热场结构,优化晶体生长界面,显著减少了铸锭中硬质点的数量。     

Systematic packaging design tools integrating functional and environmental consequences on product life cycle: Case studies on laundry detergent and milk

This study presents systematic packaging design tools integrating functional and environmental consequences on product life cycle. To design packaging for sustainability, the trade-offs between functional and environmental aspects of packaging throughout the product life cycle should be considered. However, it is difficult for packaging designers to understand the overall trade-offs because the extent of the design consequences on the entire life cycle of packaging and its contents is unclear. We developed two tools for packaging design: the Life Cycle Association Matrix (LCAM) and the Function Network Diagram (FND). The following three steps, based on literature reviews and interviews with industrial experts, were applied. Firstly, we listed the product functions and design variables related to the functions as the attributes allocated to the product life cycle. Secondly, the attributes were connected appropriately based on causal relationships. Lastly, we identified the factors to support decision making in the packaging design procedure. As a result, the LCAM depicts the design consequences on the life cycle, and the FND determines the stakeholders affected by the design consequences. Two case studies were demonstrated to analyze the trade-offs by using our tools. In the case studies, a liquid laundry detergent bottle and a milk carton were redesigned. The tools identified the design consequences and stakeholders affected by the redesign of the usability and protective function for the detergent and milk cases, respectively. The results showed the significance of understanding the design consequences on the product life cycle by integrating the functional and environmental aspects.     

Behavior of 316L stainless steel containing corrosion pits under cyclic loading

The environmental performance of 316L grade stainless steel, in the form of tensile specimens containing a single corrosion pit with various aspect ratios, under cyclic loading in aerated chloride solutions is investigated in this study. Results from environmental tests were compared and contrasted with those obtained using finite element analysis (FEA). Fractography of the failed specimens obtained from experiments revealed that fatigue crack initiation took place at the base of the shallow pit. The crack initiation shifted towards the shoulder and the mouth of the pit for pits of increasing depth. This process is well predicted by FEA, as the strain contour maps show that strain is the highest around the centric strip of the pit. However, for shallow pits, local strain is uniformly distributed around that strip but begins to concentrate more towards the shoulder and the mouth region for increasingly deep pits.     

Hot corrosion Type II of FeCr‐based model alloys for boiler and heat exchanger applications

The hot corrosion Type II of the alloys FeCr20, FeCr20Ni10, FeCr20Ni20, and FeCr20Co10 is investigated at 700°C in air + 0.5% SO₂ with deposits consisting of Na₂SO₄ and a eutectic mixture of Na₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ for 24, 100, and 300 h. The alloying elements nickel and cobalt have a positive influence when tests are conducted using a MgSO₄‐Na₂SO₄ deposit. In this case, they reduce the metal loss and increase the time to the propagation stage. In contrast, when the alloys are exposed with a Na₂SO₄ deposit, these alloying elements increase the metal loss and allow for the transition to the propagation stage because they can form molten phases with the Na₂SO₄. During the incubation stage an oxide scale forms on the FeCr20 alloy, which is thicker than the one formed during exposure without a deposit, and iron oxides are observed, which precipitate in the deposit. The propagation stage occurs by a dissolution and precipitation mechanism forming localized pitting attack. Iron is the main species that dissolves and precipitates, while chromium remains mainly as an oxide beneath the initial surface. The additional elements are found in the pit and in the salt deposit.     

Fatigue limit evaluation of various martensitic stainless steels with new robust thermographic data analysis

Thermography represents an important tool to study fatigue behaviour of materials.In this work, the fatigue limit of martensitic and precipitation hardening stainless steels has been determined with thermographic methods. Despite their use in corrosive and cryogenic environments, there is a data lack in literature concerning the study of fatigue behaviour.The peculiarity of these materials is the brittle behaviour: therefore, during fatigue tests the characteristic small deformations determine small changes of temperature. Thus, to properly determine the fatigue limit of aforementioned stainless steels, a more accurate setup is necessary in order to correctly detect surface temperature of specimens due to dissipation heat sources.In literature, different procedures have already been proposed to evaluate the fatigue limit from thermal data but very few works lead to an early detection of dissipation process which can obtain a further reduction of overall testing time. The aim of the paper is to propose a new robust thermal data analysis procedure for estimating fatigue limit of stainless steels in automatable way.